What is melasma?
Melasma, also called chloasma , is a pigmentary skin condition characterized by localized hyperpigmentation, usually observed on the face. This hyperpigmentation manifests as brown or grayish patches, often irregular in shape, and appears primarily on the cheeks, forehead, chin, and upper lip . These patches can vary in size, shape, and intensity of pigmentation.
Although melasma can affect anyone, it is more common in women of childbearing age and those with darker skin.
From a medical perspective, melasma is considered a benign skin condition .
What are the origins of this skin condition?
From a dermatological point of view, melasma is the result of an increase in melanin production in the melanocytes of the skin.
Melanocytes are specialized cells that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Several factors contribute to the overproduction of melanin in melasma, including exposure to UV rays from the sun, hormonal changes such as those occurring during pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptives , and predisposing genetic factors.
It is also possible that certain irritating cosmetic products are the cause of melasma.
How to treat melasma?
Melasma treatment aims to reduce hyperpigmentation and prevent its recurrence. Several therapeutic approaches can be considered, depending on the severity of the symptoms and the patient's preferences. If you notice the appearance of spots on your face or other parts of your body, consult a dermatologist for a medical opinion and appropriate treatment.
Depigmenting or anti-blemish creams
Skin hyperpigmentation can be treated with creams containing active ingredients that work by inhibiting melanin production. Several such active ingredients exist:
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Kojic acid : it inhibits the enzyme necessary for melanin production. It is found in skincare products and its regular use can help lighten dark spots and even out skin tone.
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Azelaic acid : derived from grains such as wheat, barley, or rye, azelaic acid is often found in anti-dark spot treatments. It reduces melanin synthesis in addition to its anti-inflammatory properties .
- Vitamin C , also known as ascorbic acid, is widely recognized for its many beneficial properties for the skin, including its brightening properties .
- Hydroquinone: this molecule is a powerful skin lightener that is not recommended due to its side effects (skin discoloration).
Superficial peeling
Superficial peeling is a dermatological procedure used to treat melasma and other hyperpigmentation conditions. This technique involves applying a chemical solution to the skin to exfoliate the superficial layers of the epidermis. The peeling process thus promotes cell renewal and reduces the appearance of pigment spots.
Laser therapy
Laser treatments for melasma work by emitting beams of light that destroy target cells (melanocytes). The laser is used to lighten spots and even out skin tone. Although performed by a healthcare professional, laser treatment can cause side effects such as redness, swelling, or peeling.
Tips for taking care of your skin on a daily basis
Taking care of your skin daily can reduce the risk of developing melasma.
It is strongly advised to apply sunscreen every day of the year to protect your skin from the sun's UV rays and their harmful effects.
Choose an effective routine , adapted to your skin type, and avoid irritating products.
Finally, adopt a healthy lifestyle including a balanced diet, adequate hydration (at least 1.5 liters of water per day), sufficient sleep and good stress management.
